Photokeratitis is a painful experience resulting from overexposure of the eyes to invisible rays (ultraviolet (UV) radiation) either from the sunlight or other man-made sources. In this blog, we will understand the complications of photokeratitis symptoms, causes, treatment options, and preventive measures.

What is Photokeratitis?

Photokeratitis, sometimes referred to as “snow blindness” or “welder’s flash,” is a condition characterized by inflammation of the cornea due to excessive exposure to UV radiation. The cornea, the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris and pupil, is highly sensitive to UV rays. Prolonged or intense exposure to UV radiation can lead to damage and inflammation, resulting in photokeratitis.

Symptoms of Photokeratitis

• One of the common symptoms of photokeratitis is intense eye pain, burning or gritty sensation.
• The eyes may appear red or bloodshot due to the inflammation of the cornea.
• Vision may become blurred or hazy, making it difficult to see clearly.
• Photokeratitis can cause heightened sensitivity to light, known as photophobia, making it uncomfortable to be in brightly lit environments.
• The eyes may produce excess tears as a protective mechanism in response to the inflammation.

Causes of Photokeratitis

• Sun Exposure: Prolonged exposure to sunlight, particularly during outdoor activities such as skiing, snowboarding, or boating, can lead to photokeratitis.
• Artificial Sources: Exposure to artificial sources of UV radiation, such as tanning beds, welding arcs, or halogen lamps, can also cause photokeratitis.
• Reflection: UV radiation can be reflected off surfaces such as water, sand, snow, or concrete, increasing the risk of exposure to the eyes.

Types of Photokeratitis

Photokeratitis typically occurs due to overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, but there are different types depending on the specific sources or circumstances of UV exposure.

Here are Some Common Types of Photokeratitis:

• Solar Keratitis: Solar keratitis is the most common type of photokeratitis and occurs due to prolonged exposure to sunlight, particularly during outdoor activities such as skiing, snowboarding, hiking, or spending time at high altitudes where UV radiation is more intense.
• Welder’s Flash: Also known as arc eye or welder’s keratitis, this type of photokeratitis occurs when the eyes are exposed to the intense UV radiation emitted during welding without adequate eye protection. Welder’s flash can occur in both professional welders and individuals observing welding activities without proper eye protection.
• Snow Blindness: Snow blindness is a type of photokeratitis that occurs from the reflection of sunlight off snow or ice. The bright, reflective surface of snow can intensify UV exposure, leading to inflammation of the cornea and other eye structures.
• Tanning Bed Keratitis: Exposure to the UV radiation emitted by tanning beds can also cause photokeratitis, leading to symptoms similar to those experienced from excessive sunlight exposure. Tanning bed keratitis may result from prolonged use of tanning beds without proper eye protection.
• Artificial Light Keratitis: Certain artificial sources of UV radiation, such as halogen lamps, mercury vapor lamps, or high-intensity discharge lamps, can also cause photokeratitis if the eyes are exposed to them for extended periods without adequate protection. Workers in industries such as construction, manufacturing, or healthcare may be at risk of artificial light keratitis if proper safety measures are not followed.
• Reflection Keratitis: Reflection keratitis occurs when UV radiation is reflected off surfaces such as water, sand, concrete, or metal. Activities like boating, fishing, or spending time at the beach can increase the risk of reflection keratitis, especially on sunny days with clear skies.

While the underlying cause of photokeratitis may vary, the symptoms and treatment approach remain similar regardless of the type. Protecting your eyes from excessive UV exposure by wearing UV-protective sunglasses, using appropriate eye protection when working with UV-emitting equipment, and taking breaks from bright environments to prevent photokeratitis and maintain optimal eye health.

Treatment for Photokeratitis

Rest and Avoidance of UV Exposure: The primary treatment for photokeratitis involves resting the eyes and avoiding further exposure to UV radiation. Stay indoors or wear protective eyewear when outdoors to shield the eyes from sunlight.
Lubricating Eye Drops: Over-the-counter lubricating eye drops can help alleviate discomfort and keep the eyes moist.
Cold Compress: Applying a cold compress over closed eyelids can provide soothing relief and reduce inflammation.
Prescription Medications: In severe cases of photokeratitis, your healthcare provider may prescribe anti-inflammatory eye drops or pain-relieving medications to manage symptoms.
Follow-Up Care: It’s essential to follow any instructions provided by your healthcare provider and attend follow-up appointments to monitor your eye health and ensure proper healing.

Preventing Photokeratitis

• Wear UV-Protective Sunglasses: Invest in sunglasses that provide 100% UV protection and wear them outdoors, even on cloudy days.
• Use Protective Eyewear: When engaging in activities with potential UV exposure, such as welding or using tanning beds, wear appropriate protective eyewear to shield your eyes.
• Take Regular Breaks: If you’re spending extended periods in bright environments, take frequent breaks to rest your eyes and minimize UV exposure.
• Avoid Risky Practices: Steer clear of tanning beds and other sources of artificial UV radiation known to pose risks to eye health.

Conclusion:

Photokeratitis is a painful but preventable condition that can result from excessive exposure of the eyes to UV radiation. By understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatment options for photokeratitis, as well as adopting preventive measures, you can safeguard your eye health and enjoy outdoor activities safely. If you experience symptoms of photokeratitis, seek medical attention promptly for proper diagnosis and treatment. Remember, proactive care is key to maintaining healthy eyes for years to come.

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Written and Verified by:

DR. VATIKA JAIN

MBBS (MAMC), MD (AIIMS, New Delhi), FGS (RGHUS)

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